Extensional flow

The extensional flow story is told in a number of conference presentations. The first is one given at a Scientific Meeting in 2009 following the death of Prof P.G deGennes. deGennes was one of Frances leading scientists. He was a good friend of the late Sir Charles Frank and Andrew Keller with whom I worked whilst at Bristol in the 1970s. deGennes would often visit the laboratory at Bristol and spend time with me discussing extensional flow and polymer science. When I moved to Cambridge he would visit Sir Sam Edwards and again we would have polymer discussions.

Chamonix1 -09 (v2) (.pdf)

Please also go to Extensional flow apparatus

Extensional flow has raised its heads in many projects carried out within the Polymer Fluids Group at Cambridge. There are strong elements of extensional flow in the Oscillatory Flow Mixing (OFM) work. The Multipass Rheometer (MPR) Cross slot facility was specifically developed to examine extensional flow and the Cambridge Trimaster is an essentially pure Extensional flow device.

Publications relevant to extensional flow include,

• D.G.Crowley, F.C. Frank, M.R. Mackley and R.C. Stephenson. Localised flow birefringence of polyethylene oxide solutions in a four roll mill.. Journal of Polymer Science. A2, 14 , 1111-1119 (1976).
• F.C.Frank and M.R. Mackley. Localized flow birefringence of polyethylene oxide solutions in a two roll mill. Journal of Polymer Science. A2, 14, 1121-1131 (1976).
• M.V.Berry and M.R. Mackley. The six roll mill: Unfolding an unstable persistently extensional flow.. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. 287, 1337, 1-16 (1977).
• M.R.Mackley. Flow singularities, polymer chain extension and hydrodynamic instabilities. Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics. 4, 111-136 (1978).
• M.R.Mackley. Polymer processing; the physics of stretching chains. Physics in Technology. 9, 13-19 (1978).
• M.R.Mackley and I.P.T. Moore. Experimental velocity distribution measurements of high density polyethylene flowing into and within a two dimensional slit. Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechs. 21, 337-358 (1986).
• S.T.Aldhouse, M.R. Mackley and I.P.T. Moore. Experimental and linear viscoelastic stress distribution measurements of high density polyethylene flowing into and within a two dimensional slit. Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechs. 21, 359-376 (1986).
  distributions of oscillatory flows in baffled tubes. Chem. Eng. Sci. 44, 7, 1471-1479, (1989).
• M.R.Mackley. Polymer fluids. Sir Charles Frank Festschrift; Ed. R.G. Chambers et al. Polymer Fluids. Adam Hilger, 307-321 (1991).
• R. Liang and M.R. Mackley. Rheological characterisation of the time and strain dependence of polyisbutylene melts. Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 52, 387-405 (1994).
• R. Ahmed and M.R.Mackley. Experimental centreline planar extension of polyethylene. Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics. 56, 2, 127-149 (1995).
• R Ahmed, R Liang and M.R.Mackley. The experimental observation and numerical prediction of planaar entry flow and die swell for molten polyethylene. Journal Non Newtonian Fluid Mech. 59, 2-3, 129-153 (1995).
• M R Mackley & R M C Neves Sariava. The quantitative description of fluid mixing using Lagrangian and concentration based numerical methods. Chem Eng Sci. 54 , 159-170 (1999).
• K. D. Coventry and M. R. Mackley Cross-slot extensional flow birefringence observations of polymer melts using a multi-pass rheometer Journal of Rheology 52, 2, 401-415 (2008)
• D.G.Hassell and M.R.Mackley. Localised flow-induced crystallisation of a polyethylene melt. Rheologica Acta. 47, Nos 9 435-446 (2008)
• D.G. Hassell, D. Auhl, T. C. B. McLeish and M.R.Mackley. The effect of viscoelasticity on stress fields within polyethylene melt flow for a cross-slot and contraction–expansion slit geometry. Rheologica Acta 47, Nos 7 821-834 (2008)
• S. Hoath, I. M.Hutchings, G.D. Martin, T.R.Tuladhar, M.R.Mackley and D. Vadillo Links Between Ink Rheology, Drop-on-Demand Jet Formation, and Printability Journal of Imaging Science and Technology 53, 4, pp. 041208-(1-8) (2009)
• L. Scelsi, M. R. Mackley, H. Klein, P. D. Olmsted, R. S. Graham, O. G. Harlen, and T. C. B. McLeish. Experimental observations and matching viscoelastic specific work predictions of flow-induced crystallization for molten polyethylene within two flow geometries Journal of Rheology 53,4, 859-876 (2009)
• D.G. Hassell and M.R Mackley An experimental evaluation of the behaviour of mono and polydisperse polystyrenes in Cross-Slot flow. Rheologica Acta, 48, 5. 543-550 (2009)
• D.G. Hassell, D. Hoyle, D. Auhl, O. Harlen, M.R. Mackley and T. C. B. McLeish Effect of branching in cross-slot flow: the formation of “W cusps”. Rheol Acta 48. 551–561 (2009)
• M.R. Mackley Stretching polymer chains. Rheologica Acta, 49, 5. 443-458 (2010)
• T.D.Lord, L. Scelsi, D.G. Hassell, M.R. Mackley, J. Embery, D Auhl and O.G.Harlen The matching of 3D Rolie-Poly viscoelastic numerical simulations with experimental polymer melt flow within a slit and a cross-slot geometry. Journal of Rheology 54, 2. 355-373 (2010)
• D.C. Vadillo, T.R. Tuladhar, A.C. Mulji and M.R. Mackley The rheological characterization of linear viscoelasticity for ink jet fluids using piezo axial vibrator and torsion resonator rheometers. Journal of Rheology, 54, 4. 781-795 (2010 )
• M.R.Mackley and D.G.Hassell The Multipass rheometer; a review Part 1 , Part 2 Journal of Non Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, 166, 9-10, 421-456 (2011)
• D.Auhl, D.M.Hoyle, D.Hassell, T.D.Lord, M.R.Mackley, O.G.Harleen, T.C.B.Mcleish Cross-slot extensional rheometry and steady state extensional response of long chain branched polymer melts. J. Rheology. 55, 875- 901 (2011)
• M. Tembely, D. Vadillo, M. R. Mackley and A. Soucemarianadin The matching of a “one-dimensional” numerical simulation and experiment results for low viscosity Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids during fast filament stretching and subsequent break-up J. Rheology. 56, 159- 184 (2012)
• D. C. Vadillo, M. Tembely, N.F. Morrison, O. G. Harlen, and M. R. Mackley
  The matching of polymer solution fast filament stretching, relaxation, and break up experimental results with 1D and 2D numerical viscoelastic simulation. J. Rheology . 56, 1491-1516 (2012)
• M.R.Mackley. Inventing and Developing Scientific Apparatus .British Society of Rheology Bulletin 53, 3 68-80 December (2012)